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Background & objectives: The role of mosquitoes is instrumental in the transmission of various diseases. Mosquitoeborne diseases account for a significant share of the global burden of total infectious diseases. Vector control is the principal method for the control of these mosquito-borne diseases. Plant-derived insecticides serve as an effective alternative to chemical insecticides. The present study has been undertaken to assess the larvicidal potential of methanol and petroleum ether extracts of leaves of Solanum xanthocarpum, Parthenium hysterophorus, Manihot esculenta, and Chamaecyparis obtusa. Methods: Larvicidal activity was tested against the early four-stage instar larvae of laboratory-reared susceptible strains of the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, dengue fever vector, Aedes aegypti, and the lymphatic filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus at 20 to 120 ppm concentrations. Further, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analyses were carried out to identify the bioactive compounds present in the methanolic leaf extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum for designing a larvicidal product in future. Results: After 72 h of exposure high larvicidal activities were observed in methanolic and petroleum ether leaves extract of S. xanthocarpum against An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The larvicidal activities for methanol and petroleum ether leaf extract of S. xanthocarpum with LC50 = 09.201 and 12.435 ppm and LC90 = 21.578 and 27.418 ppm for An. stephensi; LC50 = 11.450 and 10.026 ppm and LC90 = 26.328 and 22.632 ppm for Ae. aegypti and LC50 = 12.962 and 13.325 ppm and LC90 = 26.731 and 30.409 ppm for Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively, were found to be most effective. GC-MS analysis revealed 43 compounds, amongst these phytol (13.09%), 3-allyl-2- methoxy phenol (9.55%), (9Z, 12Z)-9, 12-octadecadienoyl chloride (7.93%), linoleic acid (5.45%), alpha-tocospiro B (5.08%) and hexadecanoic acid (4.35%) were identified as major compounds. Interpretation & conclusion: Present work showed that leaf extracts of S. xanthocarpum are a source of potential natural candidate that possess several phytochemicals which can be explored further for the development of ecologically safer mosquito control products.
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Background & objectives: Mosquitoes are insects of public health importance that act as a vector to transmit various vector-borne diseases in humans including dengue, malaria, filariasis and yellow fever. The continually employed synthetic insecticides have developed resistance in mosquitoes. Nano-based botanical insecticides can be considered as the best alternative due to several advantages like being simple, non-pathogenic, biodegradable and safe to the environment. The present work reported the maximum larvicidal potential of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from the leaf extract of Solanum xanthoearpum against the third instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus over its crude leaf extract. Methods: The synthesis of AgNPs was done by adding leaf extract into silver nitrate solution in a conical flask. The characterization of AgNPs was done using different techniques such as UV-Vis, SEM, TEM, XRD, DLS and SAED. FT-IR analysis was done to find out the compound responsible for bio-reduction of silver nitrate. Larvicidal activity of AgNPs was checked against An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti, and Cx. quinquefasciatus according to WHO standard protocol and toxicity was evaluated against Poecilia reticulate. Results: A change in colour was observed indicating the synthesis of AgNPs which was further confirmed by a strong surface plasmon resonance peak at 421nm under the UV-Vis spectrum. SEM and TEM micrographs exhibited that the most common shape of AgNPs was spherical. XRD spectrum showed crystalline nature of silver nanoparticles. FT-IR spectrum showed the presence of various functional groups such as carboxyl and hydroxyl which might be responsible for bio-reduction and capping of silver nanoparticles. Further, silver nanoparticles were very effective against An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti, and Cx. quinquefasciatus with LC50 and LC90 values of 1.90, 2.36, 2.93, 3.82, 4.31 and 7.63 ppm, respectively, as compared to aqueous leaf extract after 72 h of exposure and were non-toxic against non-target organism P. retieulata. Interpretation & eonelusion: From the above finding, it can be concluded that fabricated AgNPs can be promising eco-friendly tools for controlling mosquito vectors.
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Purpose: To determine the correlation between functional parameters and optical coherence tomography (OCT) features in patients of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Methods: A prospective observational study in early and established cases of papilledema in IIH presenting from December 2017 to February 2019. Functional parameters (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, mean deviation, VER, and MfERG) and structural parameters (RNFL, GCL?IPL, and optic disc height) were measured at baseline and every 6 weeks for 6 months. Results: At baseline, average RNFL had a moderate negative correlation with mean deviation (r = ?0.45; P = 0.0007) and a positive correlation with logMAR visual acuity (r = 0.18; P = 0.17). On the contrary, baseline GCL and logMAR visual acuity had a negative correlation (r = ?0.4, P = 0.02). Optic disc height (ODH) had a negative correlation with visual field mean deviation (r = ?0.046; P = 0.0005). At 6 months, ODH and GCL?IPL complex had a statistically significant correlation with functional parameters. However, RNFL values did not show any significant correlation with any of the functional parameters. Baseline GCL?IPL and optic disc height values had a moderate and significant correlation with final functional parameters. However, RNFL did not show any correlation with final functional parameters. Correlation between GCL?IPL thickness at 6 weeks and final functional parameters were stronger than that with baseline GCL values. Conclusion: In the setting of severe papilledema, RNFL can misguide the prognosis. GCL?IPL can be a valuable tool for an objective evaluation of the integrity of the optic nerve in IIH and ODH may be used as an alternative or in combination with GCL?IPL in these cases.
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This study was undertaken to measure the genetic diversity and population structure of 48 barley accessions introduced from ICARDA using 51 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to select unique parents for breeding. The mean polymorphic information content was 0.491, suggesting high polymorphism for the selected SSR markers among the barley accessions. The population structure indicated a fine genetic base only with two major clusters. All accessions had 100% membership probability in their respective clusters. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that most (78%) of the variation was attributed between populations, while 22% was due to variation among individuals within populations. Neighbour-joining (NJ) tree was constructed using this distance matrix and two major clusters were observed in it. Cluster 1 had all hulled barley accessions and cluster 2 had all hulless barley accessions. Cluster 2 could be further divided into three subclusters. Principal coordinates analysis results were similar to the NJ tree, where the hulled and hulless barley accessions were grouped into separate clusters. This study established the existence of considerable genetic diversity among the 48 tested accessions. The selected genetic resources will be useful for barley breeding in India and other countries.
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Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in the United States and other industrialized countries, many study has identified NAFLD as a risk factor not only for premature coronary artery disease and cardiovascular events, but also for early subclinical abnormalities in myocardial structure and function. Aim of this study was to the presence of NAFLD in patients with Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) and Relation of NAFLD with other risk factors of IHD.Methods: The study group consisted of 150 patients that comply with inclusion criteria and selected of 100 consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiographies. Coronary artery disease was defined as a stenosis at least 50% in at least one major coronary artery. Fatty liver was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography (4 stages: Grades 0, 1, 2 and 3). Statistical evaluations were performed using T test, Chi- square test.Results: The present study was done in 100 patients of coronary artery disease divided into two groups i.e. Non NAFLD group n= 62 (62%) and NAFLD group n= 38 (38%). The present study shows that the prevalence of NAFLD was highest (86.8%) in more than 40 years of age group. The present study shows that the prevalence of NAFLD was more in males (84.2%) as compare to females (15.8%). The present study also shows significantly high incidence of metabolic syndrome in patients with NAFLD (23.7%) as compared to Non-NAFLD (3.2%) patients with Coronary Artery (CAD).Conclusions: The presence of fatty liver and its severity should be carefully considered as independent risk factors for IHD. The study results suggest the synergistic effect in between fatty liver and deranged lipid profile for developing IHD. Abdominal ultrasonography may provide valuable information about IHD risk assessment.
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Background: Nutrition is required for normal growth of thebody. Insufficient nutrition leads to wasting and deficiencies ofessential vitamins and minerals. The present study wasconducted to assess micronutrients deficiency in pediatricpatients.Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted on246 Pediatric patients. Blood sample was obtained understandardized aseptic condition. For estimation of zinc andcopper, atomic absorption spectroscopy method was used.Ferritin, folate and vitamin B12 were determined byelectrochemiluminescence immunoassay, vitamin D bychemiluminescent immunoassay, and vitamins A and C byhigh-performance liquid chromatography.Results: Out of 246 patients, male child were 132 and femalechild were 114. The value of zinc was 72.4 μg/dL, copper 0.94μg/dL, serum folate 11.2 nmol/L, Vit A 0.78 μmol/L, Vit D 75.2nmol/l, Vit C 11.8 μmol/L, Vit B12 156 pmol/L, ferritine 16.2μg/L, HGB 110.4 g/l and MCV 81.4 fl.Conclusion: Micronutrients play a necessary for normalgrowth of children. There was nutrients deficiency in children.
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Antibiotics are an indispensable part of modern medicine. However, as with all drugs,antibiotics may have adverse effects and medication errors can occur in prescribing. Another untowardeffect of antibiotics is the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A clear relationship has been foundbetween the percentage of resistant strains and antimicrobial use. In addition, only around 60 % ofempirically started antibiotics are considered appropriate. Finding a balance between adequateantibiotic use for the individual patient, avoidance of selection of antibiotic resistance, and medicationerrors is the key role of antibiotic stewardship teams. ASTs have been shown to increase appropriateempirical antibiotic therapy and reduce medical errors and costs. In this study, a total of 124 cases werestudied, On the first day of survey, a total of 29 patients were prescribed with antimicrobials, out ofwhich 37.93% patients were prescribed with empiric antimicrobial therapy whereas on the second dayof survey, a total of 31 patients were prescribed with antimicrobials among which 67.74% patients weregiven empiric antimicrobial therapy. On the third day of survey, 29 patients were given antimicrobials,in which a percentage of 86.21% patients were on empirical antimicrobials. By the time of fourth day ofsurvey, the number of patients being prescribed with antimicrobials was 35, out of which 80.00%patients were given empirical therapy of antimicrobials. The empirical antimicrobial usage in adultintensive unit areas was high on an average (67.97%); whilst the use of definitive therapy was low andantimicrobials were prescribed majorly for prophylaxis (53.22%). Also, majority of the antimicrobialsbeing prescribed in the intensive care areas were in compliance with the local antimicrobial policy ofthe hospital (average compliance rate was 80.20%).
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Erythromycin is considered to be one of the safest antimicrobials exhibiting good activity against Gram-positive aerobes and some Gram-negative aerobes but rare cases of hypersensitivity reactions to erythromycin alone or with its base (esteolate or ethylsuccinate) can occur. Here, we report the case of severe hypersensitivity reaction in a female patient with upper respiratory tract infection and underwent treatment with erythromycin ethylsuccinate (400mg TDS). Twenty-four hours after the initiation of therapy with erythromycin ethylsuccinate, the patient developed severe rash starting from the nape of the neck spreading throughout the body with generalized pruritus and mild icterus. Marked improvement was noticed within 2 days after cessation of erythromycin ethylsuccinate. Physicians must be aware of the adverse effects of erythromycin ethylsuccinate before prescribing the drug
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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), Acute Pancreatitis and Hypertriglyceridemia are an unusual and infrequent presentation of Diabetes. Hypertriglyceridemia leading to acute pancreatitis is most commonly encountered in poorly controlled Diabetics. In this case report we have described a young Type 1 Diabetic female presenting with Diabetic Ketoacidosis and hypertriglyceridemia induced Pancreatitis (HTIP). The proposed mechanism is triglyceride excess is hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase resulting in the formation of excess free fatty acids. Excess free fatty acids cause acinar cell injury and capillary leakage in pancreatic vascular beds. Hyperlipasemia frequently occurs in DKA without an underlying acute pancreatitis. Half of the patients with HTIP have falsely low or normal serum Amylase. Imaging is required to confirm the diagnosis of pancreatitis. So, high degree of suspicion is required to diagnose this unusual presentation of diabetes.
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The tissues from small intestine containing duodenum were collected from six young goats and processed for scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies. The villi of the duodenum varied in shape and size. The duodenal mucosal surface showed leaf shaped villi along with scanty population of goblet cells on the villi surface. The mucosal surface was having very faint corrugations and dense mat of microvilli. The basal surface of the villi, the number of goblet cells was more. The crypts openings were evident at some places. The transmission electron microscopic studies revealed the presence of different cell population which included columnar or absorptive cells and goblet cells in surface epithelium of the duodenum. The columnar cells were having many uniform regularly spaced microvilli. The goblet cells were very few in the villus epithelium and were interspersed in between the columnar cells and their cytoplasm was distended with mucus granules. The crypt region or glandular epithelium was consisted of polymorphic cell population which included the Paneth cells, enterochromaffin cells and goblet cells
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Background: Infantile hemangiomas (IH) are the mostcommon tumors of childhood. Systemic corticosteroids(prednisolone) have been the mainstay of treatment for IH, forseveral decades. Hence; we planned the present study toassess and compare the efficacy of oral prednisolone andpropranolol in regression of infantile hemangioma (IH).Materials & Methods: The present study included assessmentand comparison the efficacy of oral prednisolone andpropranolol in regression of IH. A total of 30 patients wereincluded in the present study. All the patients were randomlydivided into three study groups as follows: Group 1: Patientswho received oral prednisolone 5 mg/kg/day, Group 2: Patientswho received oral propranolol 3 mg/kg/day, and Group 3:Patients who received oral prednisolone 5 mg/kg/day andpropranolol 3 mg/kg/day simultaneously. We categorized casesas partial response in which there occurred a change in colorand consistency. All the results were analyzed by SPSSsoftware.Results: We observed significant results while comparing theresponse rates of the subjects of the group 1. However; wedidn’t observe any significant result, while comparing thetreatment response in subjects of group 2 and 3.Conclusion: In managing patients with IH, oral prednisolone isa viable and time tested therapeutic option. However; whenused either alone or in combination, prednisolone offers noother added benefits.
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Aim: The study was to evaluate the phytogenic chemical compounds and Antifungal Activity of essential oil from roots of Selinum vaginatum C.B. Clarke, growing in the Himalayan region of Jammu & Kashmir. Methodology: The essential oil was analyzed by Gas Chromatography & Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in relation with their Kavot indices and mass spectra. Results: The oil was found completely dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenoids (71.9%) which includes 14-hydroxy-δ-cadinene (37.5%), khusinol (20.7%), viridiflorol (8.0%), acorenone -B (4.2%) and 14-oxy-α-muurolene (1.1%) whereas δ-cadinene (8.9%), α-copaene (6.8%), germacrene-A (2.5%), and β-caryophyllene (1.3%) were the major compounds among sesquiterpenoids. Monoterpenoids constituted as the minor portion (3.8%) of essential oil. The oil was found almost free from oxygenated monoterpenoids (0.2%). The roots of S. vaginatum are used in folk lore medicines in Jammu & Kashmir. The oil from the roots showed marked antifungal activity. The oil had shown 100% mycelia growth inhibition against A. tenuis, C. graminicola, R. solani and S. sclerotiorum at a concentration of 500 µg/ml, 2000 µg/mL, 2000 µg/mL and 300 µg/mL respectively. However F. oxysporum was found less susceptible to the root oil of S. vaginatum. The IC50 values showed a range from 57.4 µg/mL–74.7 µg/mL as compared to standard fungicides with IC50 values 32.8 µg/mL–98.6 µg/mL. The spore germination inhibition test revealed the root oil as a potent inhibitor with IC50 values as 201.4 µg/mL, 414.7 µg/mL and 784.7 µg/mL for A. tenuis, C. graminicola and F. oxysporum. Conclusion: Our study showed that14-hydroxy-δ-cadinene (37.5%), khusinol (20.7%), & viridiflorol (8.0%) are the major components in this oil and possessed potent antifungal activity against test fungal strain, respectively.
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Brucellosis is an anthropozoonotic infectious disease in which infected animals pose a threat to humans. This disease has considerable social, economic and international trade importance. Despite past and current efforts to eradicate brucellosis, a large number of new human cases are reported annually worldwide. In this study, patho-physiological response to Brucella abortus S19Δper infection in BALB/c mice was assessed in comparison to its parent strain, B. abortus S19 and virulent strain, B. abortus 544. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the presence of bacteria in liver and spleen. Comparatively lower serum Aspartate aminotranferase (AST) level and observation of less number of microgranulomas in liver indicated that B. abortus S19 Δper was less infectious and failed to cause active infection unlike S19 and 544 strain. S19Δper, thus could be a safer vaccine candidate as an alternate to the S19 vaccine strain. Hematological studies indicated clinical manifestation of thrombocytopenia in different Brucella infected mice including S19Δper. Therefore, measurement of platelets count and serum AST level may offer as reliable indicators of brucellosis in clinical cases
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It is not clearly known as to why some people identify camouflaged objects with ease compared with others. The literature suggests that Field-Independent individuals detect camouflaged object better than their Field-Dependent counterparts, without having evidence at the neural activation level. A paradigm was designed to obtain neural correlates of camouflage detection, with real-life photographs, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Twenty-three healthy human subjects were stratified as Field-Independent (FI) and Field-Dependent (FD), with Witkin’s Embedded Figure Test. FIs performed better than FDs (marginal significance; p=0.054) during camouflage detection task. fMRI revealed differential activation pattern between FI and FD subjects for this task. One sample T-test showed greater activation in terms of cluster size in FDs, whereas FIs showed additional areas for the same task. On direct comparison of the two groups, FI subjects showed additional activation in parts of primary visual cortex, thalamus, cerebellum, inferior and middle frontal gyrus. Conversely, FDs showed greater activation in inferior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, putamen, caudate nucleus and superior parietal lobule as compared to FIs. The results give preliminary evidence to the differential neural activation underlying the variances in cognitive styles of the two groups.
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Deedan is a very effective compound formulation of Unani System of medicine used for the treatment of worm infestation. The objective of this study was to investigate the Acute and Sub-acute toxicity of Deedan in Albino rats of both the sexes. In the acute toxicity study, Deedan was administered orally at the limit dose of 2000mg/kg b.w. to both male and female rats, and the animals were then observed individually 30 minutes, 4 hour postdosing, and at least twice daily for next 14 days. In the Sub-acute toxicity study a limit dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight was administered orally in a single bolus everyday for 28 days. The rats were observed daily during the period of study, and sacrificed on the 29th day. Observation parameters of the animals included a comparative evaluation of general appearance/behaviour, morbidity/mortality, body weights, food/water consumption, haematology, biochemistry and histopathology of major organs of treated and control groups. There was no mortality, morbidity, or cage-side/laboratory findings of any adverse health effect in the treated animals in comparison to their respective controls in both toxicity studies. Deedan was thus found to be free of any toxic effects under the conditions of these studies.
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Background: Job satisfaction is a hypothetical construct that is measured on both cognitive and affective parameters. Job satisfaction has been defi ned as an affective reaction to one’s job and an attitude toward it. Objective: To develop the job satisfaction scale for health care providers. Materials and Methods: After exploring existing job satisfaction scales, extensive review of the literature and detailed discussion with different health providers, the statements were prepared for developing the job satisfaction scale. The data were collected on a sample of 333 and analysis was done using SPSS to calculate the Cronbach’s alpha value for reliability and validity of the scale. Principal Component analysis and factor analysis of job satisfaction scale were also done. Results: Reliable and valid scale with Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.909 was developed. Scale was tested on a mixed group of health care providers in government health facilities in 2013. In the factor analysis, seven components were identifi ed out of 49 items related to job satisfaction. The seven factors emerged from the analysis. These are: Factor (1) privileges attached with job, (2) interpersonal relation and cooperation, (3) working environment, (4) patient relationship, (5) organization facilities, (6) career development, (7) human resource issues. Conclusion: The job satisfaction scale having high reliability and validity is a good tool; it could be used in the health sector for understanding the satisfaction level of health care providers. Study provides a good starting point for standardization of scale in both urban and rural health care setting.
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Background: Alagille Syndrome is a rare genetic disease characterized by abnormalities of the intrahepatic biliary ducts with cholestasis along with multisystem anomalies. Case characteristics: An 8-year old child with persisting jaundice, severe itching and failure to thrive. Observation: Diagnosis of Alagille syndrome was made on the basis of clinical features, typical facies and liver biopsy showing bile duct paucity. Genetic analysis revealed a novel de novo mutation in the JAG 1 gene. Outcome: The child was started on ursodeoxycholic acid following which the itching improved. Message: A novel de novo mutation in JAG 1 gene is described in this child with Alagille Syndrome.
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The human body is a wonderful machine. The future of child birth in the form of test tube babies, surrogate motherhood through new reproductive and cloning technology will introduce undreamt of possibilities in the sexual arena. Surrogacy is a method of assisted reproduction whereby a woman agrees to become pregnant for the purpose of gestating and giving birth to a child for others to raise. In some jurisdictions the possibility of surrogacy has been allowed and the intended parents may be recognized as the legal parents from birth. Commercial surrogacy, or "Womb for rent", is a growing business in India. In our rapidly globalizing world, the growth of reproductive tourism is a fairly recent phenomenon. Surrogacy business is exploiting poor women in country like India already having with an alarmingly high maternal death rate. This paper talks about paternity issues and women's right to health in context of surrogacy. Government must seriously consider enacting a law to regulate surrogacy in India in order to protect and guide couples going in for such an option. Without a foolproof legal framework, patients will invariably be misled and the surrogates exploited.